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How to estimate transformer performance and characteristics
Assuming that you have a general understanding of transformer parameters and IEC Standards in use, this technical article is aimed at providing a variety of tools and data to make an educated...
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Mistakes in generator protection that operators often make
Protecting a generator requires more than just a single relay. It’s a system that includes auxiliary relays, communication with SCADA or similar systems, wiring from CTs and PTs (sometimes called...
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Islanding in DER-Integrated Distribution Systems: Planning, Control, and...
The global energy landscape is undergoing a transformative shift, with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, battery energy storage systems, and controllable...
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Are your switchgear and electrical room safe?
What is safe when it comes to an older electrical equipment and internal-arc flash in electrical room. Substation operators generally assume that with the covers and doors closed, the switchgear is in...
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What to expect from an old GIS, and what are the options for support and life...
Every new GIS switchgear eventually gets old and obsolete at the end of its lifetime. Problems with GIS, as with every other switchgear type, typically start after the midpoint of the lifecycle. This...
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Best Practice in Substation Oil Containment
Numerous firms in emerging sectors offer conceptual substation oil containment solutions that remain unproven yet have been deployed. This has resulted in several installations of containment systems...
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Loading issue that seriously affects transformer operation
Before its on-site installation and commissioning, a transformer has been designed and tested to a particular specification or standard. In real life, a transformer must adapt to a number of...
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Twelve power system studies obligatory for the designing the offshore AC...
This technical article describes the offshore AC substation design studies that involve more than one component or even the complete system. This involves reliability, availability and maintenance...
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The Problems of Modern Distribution Systems in the Age of Distributed Energy...
The evolution of power distribution networks is being shaped by unprecedented growth in distributed energy resources (DERs), particularly rooftop solar and other inverter-based technologies....
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What is a Load Flow Study in Power Engineering
Load flow, sometimes known as power flow, are phrases that may be used interchangeably in power engineering. This term refers to a network solution that forecasts steady-state currents, voltages, and...
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Behind upgrading the 50+ years old 132/11 kV substation
Let’s look at the 50+ years old 132/11 kV substation that needs refurbishing and uprating as an illustration of the complicated mix of concerns that need to be considered. It shows that there are more...
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Why do power grid crashes and total blackouts happen?
Minimizing the likelihood of blackouts is of the highest importance due to the significant effects that would result from partial or total blackouts in highly industrialized nations. Additional...
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Thermal conditions of electrical equipment and temperature monitoring
Loose connections or worn out contact surfaces are the root causes of electrical system conduction troubles. They cause a local temperature increase, which worsens the contact quality even further as...
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Pitfalls hidden in determining transformer tank, bushings, insulation, and...
Managing specification and assests for large power transformers such as tank, bushings, insulation and short-circuit impedance is quite challenging. One mistake and you’re done! Power transformers...
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Best practices in earthing of metallic fences in HV outdoor substations
It is recommended that all substations have a perimeter fence surrounding the area where the electrical equipment is housed. As far as security measures go, it is the first line of defense. For the...
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MCC Circuit Featuring Auto Re-Closure Relay Functionality
An MCC circuit of a motor could be based on the Direct Online Starter (DOL) or Star Delta Starter which has something to do with the requirement of the power system in an industry. But it could have...
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The intricacy of medium-voltage circuit breaker ratings
When you look at the IEC 62271-100 for MV breaker ratings, you will likely find a bunch of rated-something ratings. It could be hard for young engineers to catch up with all ratings, especially since...
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Four most important power transformer analyses
To be clear, nowadays, you can perform dozens of analyses on a transformer, and all of them are very important. However, it should not be that hard to separate a few of them, the most important ones....
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Alarms Coming From the Shunt Reactor You Must Never Ignore (and what should...
Nowadays, monitoring of transformers and shunt reactors is pretty much common. However, the difference is in the nuances. There are dozens of parameters that can be monitored and the the overall cost...
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Seven steps to improve visual impact of a power substation
The aesthetics of the substation should be of greatest significance to the community. To ensure environmental compatibility and community acceptance, it is vital to involve the community in the early...
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