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The basics of capacitor banks protection
As you already know, capacitor banks are normally used in medium voltage networks to generate reactive power to industries etc. Capacitor banks are, almost always, equipped with a series reactors to...
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How do faults develop in a HV transformer and why condition monitoring is...
Condition monitoring equipment that can be used to extend the life of a transformer or to prevent catastrophic failure could pay for itself many times over. However, condition monitoring does not...
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Automation of secondary distribution networks in rural areas
The challenges in network automation for rural areas are similar to those in urban areas, however the network topology may be very different. A typical conventional network topology is shown in...
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Easy understanding of 3-phase transformer connections (Delta–Delta, Wye–Wye,...
Three-phase voltage transformations can be accomplished by using three phase transformers, which are single devices with all windings constructed on a single iron core. Three phase voltage...
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Practical solutions for preventing or damping ferroresonance in electrical...
Ferroresonance is a non-linear resonance phenomenon that can affect power networks. The abnormal rates of harmonics and transient or steady state overvoltages and overcurrents that it causes are often...
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11-step procedure for a successful electrical circuit design (LV project...
Let’s take an example of electrical circuit design. A consumer lives in a bungalow with a detached garage and workshop, as shown in Figure 1. The building method is traditional... Read more
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What does bonding (bonded) mean and what does NEC article 250 say about it?
The National Electrical Code (NEC) covers grounding and bonding in several articles, but the primary coverage is in Article 250. Typical commercial electrical systems are grounded systems. Within the...
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Three proven ways to reduce electrical energy losses in buildings
As savings in terms of costs are the main concern for the operators, the first approach is to try to reduce electrical energy losses in buildings. Also, the electricity supply... Read more
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Unbalance protection of grounded & ungrounded wye shunt capacitor banks
The protection of shunt capacitor banks against internal faults involves several protective devices in a coordinated scheme. Typically, the protective elements found in a shunt capacitor banks (SCB)...
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3 greatest enemies to the transformer operation (and how to prevent them)
The principal object of transformer maintenance is to maintain the insulation in good condition. Moisture, dust and excessive heat are the main reasons of insulation deterioration and avoidance of...
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Practical methods of reducing noise and interference on cables
A few practical methods of reducing noise will be examined in this technical article. These include a quantitative consideration of the effects of shielding, cable spacing, earthing (or grounding)...
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20 Simple Questions to Check Your Overcurrent Protection Knowledge
As you already know, reliable overcurrent protective devices, such as fuses and circuit breakers, prevent or minimize costly damage to transformers, conductors, motors, equipment, and the other many...
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Reactive power & power factor measurement in industrial plant
A varmeter is used to measure the reactive power in an industrial plant that is supplied by an 8300-V, three-phase, four-wire line. The plant load is estimated to be 300... Read more
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How to install a manual transfer switch for a backup system in 16 steps
A manual transfer switch is installed next to the main service panel to override the normal electrical service with power from a backup generator during a power outage. Manual transfer... Read more
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MV network diagrams for feeding secondary switchboards and MV/LV transformers
Let’s take a look at the main MV network diagrams and structures used to feed secondary switchboards and MV/LV transformers. The complexity of the diagrams differs, depending on the level... Read more
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Practical advices for positioning of circuit breakers inside LV switchboard
Mounting of the different mechanical and electrical components (enclosures, busbars, functional units – circuit breakers, etc.) which constitute the LV switchboard defined by the original manufacturer...
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The most common methods of measuring the resistance of an earth electrode
When an earth electrode system has been designed and installed, it is usually necessary to measure and confirm the earth resistance between the electrode and “true Earth”. The most commonly... Read more
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10 equipment you MUST recognize in every distribution substation
Distribution substation is a substation from which electric supply is distributed to the different users. In a substation there are numbers of incoming and outgoing circuits each having its...
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The essentials of MV/HV magnetic voltage transformers
Magnetic voltage transformers are used to provide a secondary signal that is proportional to the actual prevailing primary value. These signals are used to supply measuring instruments, meters, relays...
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5 special applications of residual current devices (RCDs)
Normally residual current devices (RCDs) are used for protection against direct and indirect contacts. An RCD can detect low leakage currents that could flow through the body of a person.... Read more
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